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Cardiovascular Physiology

Definition of Terms. ‘Cardio’ means ‘Heart’ ‘Vascular’ means ‘Blood vessels’ Cardiovascular system is a closed system of the  heart (which pumps blood) and blood vessels (which allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body).  Various components of the Cardiovascular System and their Functions.  The Heart  Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.  Generates and propagates the cardiac electrical impulses  Arteries Transports blood under high pressure and maintain blood flow at high velocities  Arterioles Maintain blood flow in response to tissue demand  Capillaries Exchange water, gases, nutrients, hormones, cytokines and other substances between the vascular system and interstitium.  Venules Transport blood from capillaries into veins  Veins Transport blood under low pressure from venules into heart; also serve as controllable blood reservoir THE HEART  Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the circulatory system....
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THE THORAX

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 THE THORAX      The Thorax is a region of the human body that houses the visceral organs with the aid of the thoracic cage. BOUNDARIES OF THE THORACIC CAGE. Anterior Boundary - Sternum Posterior Boundary - The 12 Thoracic Vertebrae Lateral Boundary - The 12 Ribs   OSTEOLOGY OF THE BONES OF THE THORAX Osteology of The Sternum      The Sternum consists of 3 parts namely, the Manubrium, Body of the sternum and the Xiphoid process. The Manubrium It lies on the level of the T3 - T4 vertebrae. Superiorly the manubrium of the sternum has a notch called the jugular or suprasternal notch, superolaterally, it consists of clavicular notch for articulation with the sternal ends of the clavicle, inferiorly to the clavicular notch is a concavity for the attachment of the first rib. Joints of the Manubrium 1. Sternoclavicular joint - A saddle joint that acts like a ball and socket joint. 2. Sternocoastal joint of the first rib 3. Manubriosternal joint - Seconda...
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